What term describes variation in the response variable not accounted for by the independent variable?

The term that best describes variation in the response variable not accounted for by the independent variable is "error." In the context of statistical analysis and quality management, error refers to the difference between the observed values and the values predicted by the model. This variation can arise from multiple sources, including measurement inaccuracies, variability inherent in the system being studied, or influences that are not included as explanatory variables in the analysis.

In quality-driven management, understanding and minimizing error is crucial for improving processes, as it directly impacts the reliability of the conclusions drawn from data analysis. By recognizing and addressing sources of error, organizations can enhance quality and performance systematically. This understanding empowers teams to make informed decisions and implement improvements based on data-driven insights.